帮忙翻译一段话`急！谢谢

分类: 教育/科学 >> 外语学习
问题描述:

1. Introduction

Since the late 1960s cost-bene t *** ysis (CBA) and the broad national point of view with pensation for harm have bee the accepted academic norms for evaluating transport projects. Numerous textbooks and papers have been written on the topic of CBA of mutually exclusive projects (Layard and Glaister, 1994; Small, 1997). The high and nuanced academic standard is, however, never achieved in practice.

The design features and the geographic location of a facility that inˉuence travel time and cost, traf c safety, environment and the cost of operation, are important issues in project evaluation. But, there are other factors that are relevant, which are not captured in a CBA. These include pricing and the method of paying for service, nancing, regulating, anizing and managing the road sector institu-tions to maintain petition; all these factors have an effect on the bene ts and costs.

In Section 2, the paper describes an engineering-economic evaluation method monly used in road administrations, including in the World Bank-supported road projects and programs. In Section 3, the engineering-economic method is placed in the context of road sector planning in developing countries, and is pared with the CBA in Section 4. Section 5 gives an example with o applications of the engineering-economic model. Section 6 argues that bene ts and costs are signi cantly

q The views in this paper are those of the author and should not be attributed to the World Bank and its af liated anizations. * Corresponding author.

affected by road sector anization and management, and discusses current ideas for anizing a mercialized road sector pursued in many Bank-supported projects. Section 7 concludes the paper.

2. Engineering-economic system of transportation project evaluation

The World Bank uses an engineering-economic approach to evaluate all non-emergency road investments it supports through loans. The system, called HDM-III and its more modern version HDM-4, can be de ned as follows:1

A road system is designed and built to functional and technical standards that minimize the total road transport costs to society, prising the life cycle costs of facil-ities to the road administration, the users, and society. Road designs are, therefore, viewed as an economic choice rather than as an imposed technical requirement, without sacri cing safety or the environment. When budgets are constrained, the trade-offs beeen relaxing either design or maintenance standards are evaluated on the basis of the long-term consequences of future higher costs for more expensive treatments such as reconstruc-tion. It is emphasized that this process determines both the aoptimalo agency budget and the optimal road standard.

The total road transport costs prise ve interacting

解析:

1.60年代后期以来引进成本分析苯笔(CBA联赛)和广大国民的观点与损害赔偿已成为公认的学术规范考核运输项目.许多教科书和论文题目已经写在CBA 联赛的互不相项目(layard和glaister,1994年; 小,1997年).高学术水平和细致,但从未实现.其设计和设施,地理位置ˉ分类号旅行时间和成本,业务量丙安全环境和运行成本,都是重要的问题,在项目评价.但是,还有其他相关因素,这不是一个CBA总被俘.这包括价格、支付方式服务nancing、调节、公路管理机构的体制和组织筹措维持竞争;所有这些因素都影响了苯TS和成本.在第2、介绍了工程经济评价方法常用道路管理、包括世界银行支持的项目和公路规划.在第3、工程及经济方面的方法是放置在道路规划部门在发展中国家CBA联赛相比,是在第4.第5举出实例与工程应用两个经济模型.第6辩称苯TS和成本升高的意见显示:问的是本文作者,不应归咎于世界银行及其房颤朱丽亚组织.*相应作者.受道界的组织和管理,并讨论了目前的思路,组织部门实行商业化道路,在许多银行支持的项目.第7文件结束. 2.工程经济系统运输项目评估世界银行以工科和经济评价方法所有非紧急支援通过公路投资贷款.该系统称为尘三、更现代版的尘四日可德董事如下:1道路系统的设计和建筑功能和技术标准,减少公路运输总成本,给社会包括生命周期成本facil-青春期的道路管理、用户和社会的负担.公路设计,所以被视为一个经济的选择,而不是作为一种施加技术要求、无安全或环境带回处死.当预算约束,取舍之间无论在设计或维修标准放宽评价的基础上的长期后果未来更高更昂贵的治疗费用等再造术.它强调这一过程中,决定预算和最佳aoptimalo处道路标准.公路运输总费用包括虚拟交互